Statistics

Statistics

Definition of Statistics : Statistics is the science concerned with developing and studying methods for collecting, analyzing, interpreting and presenting empirical data.

Etymology: The word statistics is derived from the Latin word “status” and it means “political state” or “government.” Centuries ago, the word statistics was used to refer to kings needing information about land, agriculture, population and their military.

Synonyms for statistics: Strongest matches

Statistics has five major functions, condensation, comparison, forecasting, estimation, and test of hypothesis.

1) Statistics help in furnishing a better understanding and accurate description of nature’s phenomena.

2) Statistics helps in the proper and effective planning of a statistical inquiry in any field of study.

3) Statistics helps in collecting applicable quantitative data. for illustration- the population census.

4) Statistics helps in presenting complex data in a suitable irregular, diagrammatic and graphical form for easy and clear understanding of the data.

5) Statistics helps in understanding the nature and pattern of variability of a phenomenon through quantitative observations.

6) Statistics help in drawing valid consequences, along with a measure of their trustability about the population parameters from the sample data.

5 characteristics of statistic

(a) Statistics are aggregate of facts (b) Statistics must be numerically expressed. (c) Statistics are collected for a pre-defined purpose (d) Statistics should be collected in a systematic manner. (e) Statistics are placed in relation to each other.

Data collected without any order or system is unreliable

The main techniques for gathering data are observation, interviews, questionnaires, schedules, and surveys.

2 main categories of primary data collection methods are quantitative and qualitative. Quantitative data refers to any information that can be quantified, counted or measured, and given a numerical value. Qualitative data is descriptive in nature, expressed in terms of language rather than numerical values

Examples of Qualitative data methods

Research and observation, Interviews, Surveys or questionnaires, Focus groups, online forums, or communities, Case studies.

Examples of quantitative observation include age, weight, height, length, population, size and other numerical values while examples of qualitative observation are color, smell, taste, touch or feeling, typology, and shapes.

Qualitative data

biography, ethnography, phenomenology, grounded theory, and case study.

5 statistical summary

A summary consists of five values: the most extreme values in the data set (the maximum and minimum values), the lower and upper quartiles, and the median.

4 types of data in statistics

Nominal, Ordinal, Discrete, Continuous.

5 stages In statistics

The cycle consists of five stages: Problem, Plan, Data, Analysis, Conclusion. The cycle is sometimes abbreviated to the PPDAC cycle. The problem section is about formulating a statistical question, what data to collect, who to collect it from and why it is important.

5 basic statistical analysis

The five basic methods are mean, standard deviation, regression, hypothesis testing, and sample size determination.

What is statistical analysis?

the science of collecting, exploring and presenting large amounts of data to discover underlying patterns and trends

Statistics are useful in psychology because they help a psychologist to determine what is typical or normal for a particular group.

Statistics in sociology

Social statistics and quantitative data analysis are key tools for understanding society and social change. We can try to capture people’s attitudes and map patterns in behaviour and circumstances using numbers and also describe how people and populations change

The mathematical theories behind statistics rely heavily on differential and integral calculus, linear algebra, and probability theory.

Probability theorem

Probability theory is the mathematical framework that allows us to analyze chance events in a logically sound manner. The probability of an event is a number indicating how likely that event will occur. This number is always between 0 and 1, where 0 indicates impossibility and 1 indicates certainty.